Ferriday, D & Brunstrom, JM 2008, 'How does food-cue exposure lead to larger meal sizes?' British Journal of Nutrition, vol 100, pp.Ferriday, D & Brunstrom, JM 2011, 'I just can't help myself: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals' International Journal of Obesity, vol 35, pp.Hardman, CA, Rogers, PJ, Etchells, KA, Houstoun, KVE & Munafò, MR 2013, 'The effects of food-related attentional bias training on appetite and food intake' Appetite.For example, how do beliefs and expectations about food affect our response to a food cue? Does experience with inconsistent (varied) flavour-nutrient pairings reduce cephalic phase responses to a food cue? Specifically, in overweight individuals, exposure to the sight and smell of pizza (i) elicited a significantly greater salivary response and, (ii) evoked a significantly greater increase in desire to eat both the cued food and another non-cued food.Ĭurrent research in the NBU continues to address important questions in this area. The reactivity hypothesis has generated considerable research and much debate since the 1970s. Reactivity is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. Indeed, previous research from the NBU has demonstrated that overweight individuals might be especially sensitive to these established effects of food-cue exposure (Ferriday & Brunstrom, 2011). Targeted clinical comparisons, such as those involving binge eaters and bulimics, show that individuals differ in their reactivity to food cues. People using the reaction formation defense mechanism feel a great deal of anxiety or shame around their own traits, beliefs, or behaviors, and so they deliberately act in a way that is counter. I discuss these findings in relation to stress theory, stress-reduction interventions, and methodological innovations.It has recently become clear that food-cue exposure (exposure to the sight or smell of food) can have a powerful effect on appetite. Even brief exposure to the sight and smell of food has been shown to increase reported appetite, initiate ‘cephalic phase responses’ (the release of insulin, changes in salivation, heart rate, gastric activity, and blood pressure), and increase planned and actual consumption. Reactions can include changes in behavior, physical well-being, psychological health, thinking patterns, spiritual beliefs, and social interactions. The classic features of physiological reactivity are increases in sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity, often referred to as the fight-or-flight response (Cannon, 1932). Interestingly, both studies also found that situation-level variables mattered relatively more than the other two types of variables. Physiological reactivity involves bodily changes in response to stressful stimuli or events. Moreover, all three types of variables emerged as important, as each factor contributed at least 20% of the overall variability in stress reactivity. Results from both studies suggest that these three types of variables account for the bulk, at least 70%, of stress reactivity in daily life. study self-reported their reactivity to stressful situations encountered on each of eight days. In Study 2, 955 adults from the Midlife in the U.S. In Study 1, 368 undergraduate college students reacted to 60 unique situations in the context of normal daily life on two separate occasions. My dissertation reconciles these perspectives by leveraging crossed random effect modeling to determine the percent of stress reactivity attributable to each of these types of variables the person, the situation, and the person-by-situation interaction. Researchers from a more integrative perspective assert that stress reactivity depends on an idiosyncratic interaction between person-level and stressor-level variables, for example the finding that lonely people are especially reactive to interpersonal tension. On one side, some argue that stress reactivity depends mostly on person-level variables, such as personality, while others contend that stress reactivity depends mostly on situation-level variables, for example chronicity. 2022 Theses Doctoral A Componential Model of Stress Reactivity in Daily Lifeĭespite widespread agreement about the importance of stress for health and well-being, scholars disagree about the types of variables that matter most.
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